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1.1.7 Explain What a Shell Program Is?

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1.1.7 Explain what a shell program is: menu-driven system, fully graphical user interface.

In computing, a shell is a user interface for access to an operating system's services. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation.

Menu-Driven System

An interactive computer system in which the operator requests the processing to be performed by making selections from a series of menus.

Menu-Driven System

Fully Graphical User Interface

Graphical User Interface(GUI) is a type of interface which helps user to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons rather than command line. It refers to everything that is visual in a modern applications such as windows, menus, buttons etc.

These windows, menus, events,dialogs and other controls are the components of GUI Application. The term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical, they were text and keyboard oriented which are not easy to operate.

The GUI was first developed by Xerox Parc by Alan Kay  and Douglas Engelbart in the late 1970s. Apple was the first to use them in there Macintosh computers and later Microsoft uses it.

The GUI components are use to carry out commands like copying data, moving and deleting of files, opening files etc.

Most GUI commands are carried out through Mouse. GUI based operating system is very easy to operate as  command do not need to be  memorized. Due to ease in use almost every Operating System uses GUI Operating System like Microsoft Windows, Apple, Mac OS, Chrome OS, Linux etc.



Explain Network Operating System


A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system system that is designed primarily to support workstation, personal computer, and, in some instances, older terminal that are connected on a local area network (LAN).

Artisoft's LANtastic, Banyan VINES, Novell's NetWare, and Microsoft's LAN Manager are examples of network operating systems.

In addition, some multi-purpose operating systems, such as Windows NT and Digital's OpenVMS come with capabilities that enable them to be described as a network operating system.
Networking

1.1.9 Explain the following terminologies in relation to operating system.

Cooperative Multitasking

Cooperative multitasking is a multitasking technique that enables two or more programs to cooperatively share the processing time and resources of the host processor.

In this technique the programs in the processing queue must equally allocate the processors resources within each other.

Cooperative 

Preemptive Multitasking

Preemptive multitasking is task in which a computer operating system uses some criteria to decide how long to allocate to any one task before giving another task a turn to use the operating system.

The act of taking control of the operating system from one task and giving it to another task is called preempting.

A common criterion for preempting is simply elapsed time (this kind of system is sometimes called time sharing or time slicing). In some operating systems, some applications can be given higher priority than other applications, giving the higher priority programs control as soon as they are initiated and perhaps longer time slices.

Pre amptive

Multithreading

Multithreading extends the idea of multitasking into applications, so you can subdivide specific operations within a single application into individual threads. Each of the threads can run in parallel. The OS divides processing time not only among different applications, but also among each thread within an application.

Multithreading is the ability of a program or an operating system to serve more than one user at a time and to manage multiple simultaneous requests without the need to have multiple copies of the programs running within the computer. To support this, central processing units have hardware support to efficiently execute multiple threads.

This approach is distinguished from multiprocessing systems (such as multi-core systems) in that the threads have to share the resources of a single core: the computing units, the CPU caches and the translation look a side buffer (TLB).

Where multiprocessing systems include multiple complete processing units, multithreading aims to increase utilization of a single core by using thread-level as well as instruction-level parallelism. As the two techniques are complementary, they are sometimes combined in systems with multiple multithreading CPUs and in CPUs with multiple multithreading cores.

Multithreading


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